Creating a World without Poverty: Social Business and the Future of Capitalism By Muhammad Yunus

Creating A World Without Poverty

By Muhammad Yunus
Public Affairs, 2008

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5 stars: Stop what you're doing and read this book!

Creating A World Without Poverty details the compelling, personal journey of author Dr. Muhammad Yunus of Bangladesh. Yunus, a former economics professor, received the Nobel Peace Prize along with the Grameen Bank, which he founded, in 2006. He has developed a concept called, “social business,” the goal of which is the operation of self-sustained businesses owned by and of service to the poor.

A social business pays no dividends; it sells products at self-sustaining prices and the profits are used for expansion into new products, services, or members, so that the business furthers its service to the poor. Social businesses are owned by the people they set out to help, giving them a direct stake in improving their own lives and communities.

Yunus first explains why traditional sources of funds for world poverty, such as the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund, have limited abilities to help the poor, and offers suggestions on how to make these organizations more effective. He also explains why other economic models fail to reach the poor.

For example, while the very popular corporate social responsibility (CSR) movement focuses on the triple bottom line of profits, people, and planet (learn more here), after a while, profit always emerges as the main focus. If a company devotes a penny to CSR, it then uses 99 cents to make society worse, Yunus writes. He also discusses the flaws of socially involved, profit-maximizing businesses, co-ops or cooperative businesses, non-profits, and charities.

Yunus then explains how the Grameen Bank (Grameen means “village” in Bangla) got started and spawned many other social businesses. Grameen Bank makes micro loans to the poor at reasonable costs (as low as $15) without the need for collateral. Grameen started a grassroots movement that empowered families to become self-sufficient and to contribute to society. So far, loans have aided in the construction of over 650,000 houses that would not have qualified at regular banks. Since 1983, Grameen has granted micro loans worth six billion dollars to over seven million people. The repayment rate has been an astounding 98.6 percent.

Yunus spends the rest of the book defining what a social business is and what it is not. Capitalism is a half-formed, one-dimensional idea in need of the multi-dimensional goal fulfilled by social businesses, according to Yunus. He lays out a plan for any country or community to develop their own social businesses. “If we are not achieving something, it is because we haven’t put our minds to it,” he writes.

Necessity and creativity keep the concept of social businesses growing and changing. From small loans to women for buying cell phones and selling talk time came loans for houses, health care, and a micro-factory to produce yogurt for the poor, supported by surrounding micro-farms. This last initiative was a hybrid effort with Danone, the first multinational social business, and it provides a model for how for-profit businesses can devote a portion of their resources to a social business.

Even though there are 30 MBA programs in social entrepreneurship in the United States, there are no programs for social businesses. For a good, quick review of the book’s highlights, read Yunus’ Nobel Prize acceptance speech at the end. I highly recommend Creating a World Without Poverty for anyone interested in helping this world become a better place through business.

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Creating and Sustaining an Ethical Workplace Culture

Values drive behavior and therefore need to be consciously stated, but they also need to be affirmed by actions.

Ethics is about behavior. In the face of dilemma, it is about doing the right thing. Ethical managerial leaders and their people take the “right” and “good” path when they come to the ethical choice points.

The purpose of this article is to steer your thinking and action toward creating and sustaining an ethical workplace culture. Managerial leaders and their people are invited to explore how values, actions, and behavioral standards can help steer organizational behavior.

Values Drive Behavior

A well-used axiom in organizational behavior thought asserts that values ultimately drive our behavior. In a nutshell, values exert influence over our attitudes, and attitudes influence our behavior. Values are integral to attitude formation and to how we respond to people and situations. Extensive literature exists dealing with how values relate to effective managerial leadership. A review of this body of work leaves us with the clear picture that values are a key component of effective managerial leadership.

There seems to be a subset of virtuous values that align with ethical behavior. In his book, Authentic Happiness,[1] Martin Seligman has reviewed these core virtuous values that influence ethical behavior and appear to have universal appeal. My adaptation of these values as they apply to ethics follows:

  • Wisdom and Knowledge: The capacity to take information and convert it to something useful. Wisdom comes from capitalizing on one’s experience to interpret information in a knowledgeable manner to produce wise decisions. A prerequisite to doing the right thing when facing an ethical dilemma is knowing what to do, knowing the difference between right and wrong.
  • Self Control: The ability to avoid unethical temptations. The capacity to take the ethical path requires a commitment to the value of acting with temperance. Ethical people say “no” to individual gain if it is inconsistent with institutional benefit and goodwill.
  • Justice and Fair Guidance: The fair treatment of people. Justice is served when individuals perceive that they receive a fair return for the energy and effort expended. For example, a leader’s commitment to justice is tested continually with the allocation of organizational resources. Are certain individuals and groups given special treatment without regard to objective criteria by which to judge fairness? Ethical leaders value and embrace fair advice and guidance.
  • Transcendence: The recognition that there is something beyond oneself more permanent and powerful than the individual. Without this value, one may tend toward self-absorption. Leaders who are motivated predominately by self-interest and the exercise of personal power have restricted effectiveness and authenticity.
  • Love and Kindness: The expression through words and deeds of love and kindness. Researchers have documented that there appear to be different types of “love.” In an organizational context, love refers to an intense positive reaction to another co-worker, group and/or situation. An organization “with heart” allows for the expression of love, compassion and kindness among and between people, the goodwill which can be drawn upon when one faces ethical challenges.
  • Courage and Integrity: The courage to act ethically and with integrity. These values involve discerning right from wrong and acting accordingly. They impel one to consistently do what is right without concern for personal consequences, even when it is not easy.

In practice, these six categories of virtuous values are intertwined. For example, the capacity to administer resources fairly and offer fair guidance to stakeholders along the way is supported by courage and integrity. Difficult decisions surrounding the allocation of limited resources leave some individuals and groups with less than they would prefer. The redeeming grace is the perception that such decisions are made with fairness and integrity. Unpopular decisions are easier to accept when they are perceived to be derived fairly and with integrity.

Driving ethical behavior with values and attitudes requires that there be alignment among values, attitudes, and behavior. Examples of this alignment between each of the virtuous values, associated attitudes, and behavior are offered in Table 1.

Table 1: Values —> Attitude —> Ethical Behavior Chain

Value Attitude Ethical Behavior
Wisdom and Knowledge Experience promotes wisdom that helps convert information to knowledge. Using knowledge to solve problems ethically and to do what is right.
Self-Control Self-control means effectively managing reactions to challenging situations and temptations. Putting personal motivations aside and acting with objectivity by doing what is right.
Justice Acting justly and fairly is a long-term driver of ethical behavior; remember the “Golden Rule.” Establishing just and mutually agreed upon criteria and administering them fairly to all people.
Transcendence The belief in a power and source outside oneself reduces self-serving actions and increases humility. Putting institutional and/or stakeholder interests above self interests. Identifying a personal purpose that is aligned with organizational mission.
Love and Kindness Treating people with kindness helps increase the reservoir of positive affection and love. Recognizing and encouraging others for their contributions.
Courage and Integrity Ethics requires the courage to do the right things consistently without regard to personal consequences. Making unpopular decisions based on fair consideration of the facts.

Putting Virtuous Values into Practice

“What can managerial leaders do on a proactive basis to encourage ethical behavior? At least five practices help leaders steer their organizations toward ethical conduct.

First, any gap between knowledge about what to do and actual actions needs to be closed. If you know what is the right thing to do, just do it. Unfortunately, too often “white collar” criminals will tell us that they knew what was right, yet they failed to do it. John Maxwell, in his recent book “There’s No Such Thing as Business Ethics,”[2] explains various reasons for ethical transgressions, including that people just rationalize their choices with relativism. While the reasons for the transgressor’s actions are varied and complex, the simple truth is that they failed to “do the right thing” in spite of their knowledge. They did not act with wisdom.

Second, managerial leaders must be very deliberate about who joins their organization. Many organizational leaders believe that selecting people for their values is as important as selecting for skill sets. Jim Collins, in his compelling book Good to Great: Why Some Companies Make the Leap . . . and Others Don’t,[3] underscores how long-term success depends on putting the right people in place. Larry Bossidy, as CEO of Allied Signal, made people selection a top priority and considered it a key task of top management. Selecting people who share your virtuous values is critical to building an ethical culture and long-term business success.

Third, new personnel need to be socialized into the organization so as to advance virtuous values. As an executive, I regularly attended new employee orientations to espouse the organization’s values. As a way of promoting and influencing ethical behavior, it is very powerful for new employees to hear managerial leaders espouse core virtuous values and to see those values affirmed through the actions of others in the organization.

Fourth, accountability and follow-up are critical in putting virtuous values into practice. Systems and procedures can remind people of commitments and help connect words or promises with deeds. In organizations with behavioral integrity, words and deeds count. When virtuous values are driving behavior, the alignment of words and deeds serves to advance the creation of an ethical work culture.

Finally, managerial leaders can positively impact the practice of ethical behavior by fairly allocating organizational resources and linking them appropriately. All managerial leaders have five key resources to manage: people, money, capital assets, information, and time. Allocation of these resources and the process managers use to accomplish such distribution can create perceptions of equity and fairness, or inequity and unfairness. Managerial leaders who value justice and fairness are more likely to deal the cards fairly — thereby modeling ethical behavior — than are those who do not.

Behavioral Standards and Codes of Conduct: The Safety Net

Ideally, managerial leaders and their people will act ethically as a result of their internalized virtuous core values. I like to think of this as ethics from the “inside out.” Relying solely on this “inside out” approach, however, is simply naïve in many circumstances.

Established behavioral standards and written codes of ethical conduct can help bolster virtuous values and promote ethical organizational behavior. Behavioral standards usually incorporate specific guidelines for acting within specific functional workplace areas. For example, a sales department may clearly outline criteria for expense reimbursements.

Codes of ethical conduct have received varying degrees of attention over the past three decades. They can be categorized into three types:

Type 1: Inspirational-Idealistic codes of conduct specify global themes such as “Be honest,” “Show integrity in all matters,” “Practice wise decision making,” etc. Such themes are not anchored to specific behavior or situations.

Type 2: Regulatory codes of conduct proscribe clearly delineated conduct. This type of code is designed to help as a jurisprudential tool when disputes occur. It is more of a “do and don’t” approach.

Type 3: Educational/Learning-Oriented codes of conduct offer principles to guide decision making and behavioral reactions into likely situations. This approach is compatible with building a learning organizational culture. For example, the principle and value of fairness might be applied to allocating a bonus pool. Managerial leaders responsible for this process could be engaged in scenarios wherein they would be asked to take “fair action” in making these allocations. Such learning experiences can serve to enlighten and inform so as to foster ethical decision making.

Behavioral standards and codes of ethical conduct can help steer ethical behavior by offering a cue or written rule to remind personnel of the right thing to do–an “outside in” process for ethical behavior management. These standards and codes trigger peoples’ internalized values, thus gaining strength through firm yet fairly administered consequences.

The Ethical Behavior Formula

Taken together, virtuous values, actions, and behavioral standards/codes can produce a “formula,” such as that illustrated below, that may increase the likelihood of ethical organizational behavior:

Virtuous Values + Aligned Action + Behavioral Sandards/Codes –> Increased Ethical Behavior

Consider adapting the six virtuous values and aligning them with key managerial leadership actions such as selection, employee orientation/socialization, and allocation of resources. Behavioral standards and/or codes of ethical conduct can be added as appropriate. Acting on these three formula components may serve to increase the display of ethical organizational behavior.

Three Good Reasons to Apply the Formula

There are at least three good reasons to practice ethical behavior in your organization. These reasons may motivate you to adapt the “formula” into your managerial leadership practice repertoire.

  • First, it is the right thing to do. Employees and external stakeholders alike want and deserve to be treated ethically. Taken to the extreme, a culture allowing unethical behavior can breed all manner of damaging and even criminal activity.
  • Second, it makes economic sense. A mounting body of evidence shows that an emphasis on the softer sides of business, including ethics, positively influences the harder traditional bottom line. By listening to employees, effectively recognizing their work, and practicing good ethical behavior, managers have given a boost to such hard measures as operating earnings, ROI, and stock price.[4]
  • Third, in line with a growing trend to look beyond shareholder value to a broader stakeholder perspective, organizational ethical behavior becomes the socially responsible thing to do. Just think for a moment about the impact of Enron’s, Tyco’s and World Com’s unethical behavior on their respective communities, workforces, and other stakeholders.

A Way to Apply the Formula

To pull the virtuous values, proactive actions, and behavioral standards and ideas together, I offer you a checklist. The Ethical Behavior Enhancement Checklist is intended to help you promote and practice ethical organizational behavior.

The Ethical Behavior Enhancement Checklist

Instructions: For each statement below, on a scale of 1 to 10 (0 being lowest, 10 being highest) rate to what extent the statement is true and/or to what extent you currently practice this behavior. Please be candid since this checklist is self-directed and is intended to help you increase the presence of proactive ethical organizational behavior in your enterprise.

1. A set of virtuous values is clearly espoused. (0 – 10)
2. Espoused values are routinely affirmed by my actions. (0 – 10)
3. People in my organization would say that I talk and act in an ethical manner. (0 – 10)
4. People are selected based upon their alignment with our virtuous values. (0 – 10)
5. New organizational members are oriented to our virtuous values. (0 – 10)
6. Systems and processes that hold people accountable for their words and actions are in place. (0 – 10)
7. Decisions regarding resource allocation are made fairly. (0 – 10)
8. People perceive resources to be distributed fairly. (0 – 10)
9. As appropriate, behavioral standards and/or codes of conduct are specified. (0 – 10)

10.

 The economic and people impacts of ethical behavior are measured. (0 – 10)

In reviewing your responses to the checklist, you are encouraged to identify the areas of greatest opportunity for improvement and begin a program of change in these areas. Ideally, responses in the range of 8 – 10 would be most desirable. Additional targets for continual growth and improvement can be identified as circumstances warrant.

With this checklist in your hands, I challenge you to start measuring, tracking, and enhancing your organization’s practice of ethical behavior. Remember, at the most basic level, ethics is about behavior. Doing the right thing is enhanced by espousing a set of virtuous values, aligning your actions with those values, and specifying in key areas those behavioral standards that will encourage others to steer their behavior in an ethical direction.

For another look at ethical leadership by current business leaders, see “Dialogue with Four Executives.”

[1] Martin Seligman, Authentic Happiness (New York: Free Press, 2002).

[2] John Maxwell, There’s No Such Thing as Business Ethics (Boston: Warner Books, Inc., 2003).

[3] James Collins, Good to Great: Why Some Companies Make the Leap…and Others Don’t (New York: Free Press, 2001).

[4] See, for example, Jeffrey Pfeffer, “Business and the Spirit: Management Practices That Sustain Values,” Handbook of Workplace Spirituality and Organizational Performance, eds. R. A. Giacolone and C. L. Jurkiewicz (New York: M. E. Sharpe Press, 2003):29-45; and David Ulrich and Norman Smallwood, Why the Bottom Line Isn’t! How to Build Value Through People and Organization (New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2003).

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Editorial: Onward and Upward?

Now that I have a newborn daughter, I have been thinking more seriously about what is important in life. My priorities and goals in each endeavor that I undertake are what continuously come to the forefront of these deliberations. In this regard, several nagging questions that I have been struggling with have resurfaced with regard to tertiary education in general and business education in particular.

As a business educator, I constantly question the role of business practice in political economy and social development. Are we encouraging upward mobility, consumption and profitability at the expense of focusing on principles and moral values? How can we teach business practitioners to create greater efficiencies and embrace competition without being socially or environmentally destructive?

Indeed, I’m not alone in struggling with these issues. Agricultural reformer Wes Jackson has observed that tertiary education in America offers only one primary major and that is in “upward mobility.”[1] Consequently, the transient society that results has little sense of community or regard for the local environment since people are constantly moving somewhere else. Kentucky essayist and poet Wendell Berry goes even further by saying that our educational system has created a “powerful class of itinerant professional vandals…now pillaging the country and laying it waste.”[2] David Orr, an environmental scholar, cautions graduate educators, “…conventional wisdom holds that all education is good, and the more of it one has the better…the truth is that without significant precautions, education can equip people merely to be more effective vandals.”[3] Furthermore, recent scholarly work by Steven Bouma-Prediger, Professor of Religion at Hope College, and Brian Walsh, Adjunct Professor of Theology of Culture at Wycliff College, even develops a framework and metapors for changing this educational outcome.[4]

This struggle with myself over such issues recently compelled me to consider the role of balance and connectedness as core business concepts. If we are too narrowly focused, unaccepting, or specialized in business practice, then balance is sacrificed. Therefore, as practitioners we must endeavor constantly to embrace diversity and breadth without sacrificing strategy. Today, everyone–myself included–is battling to balance work, family and self, all of which require an ongoing process of prioritization. Tools such as those that technologies offer can certainly help us set priorities, but we must also assist each other in “unplugging” occasionally from our circuit of busy-ness in order to gain an unhurried and broader perspective. Encouraging such contemplative distancing should be part of business and business education. Otherwise the profits that we earn and the market shares that we gain will be no cause for celebration–the proverbial Pyrrhic victory.

The important concept of connectedness has also engaged my thoughts. In this context, I feel we must acknowledge our connections with our community and with our environment. We must struggle to balance the global with the local. We must truly seek to learn more about those living and working with us. We must look with “new eyes” at the very specific places in which we live. As long as we maintain these connections with people and places, we are more likely to appropriately realign ourselves with such values as principled profitability, responsible consumption and ergonomic efficiency. As a business educator, I have a responsibility to cultivate these connections within myself and to enable students to do the same. In the classroom and in business practice, I must make these connections both explicitly and implicitly.

This issue of the GBR provides again broad insight into some specific issues facing business practitioners today. These different perspectives we hope will assist each of us in achieving the balance and connectedness that can make a qualitative difference in our lives and businesses.

Charlie Kerns’ article is written to encourage business practitioners to create and sustain an ethical workplace by exploring how values, actions and behavioral standards all interact to direct organizational behavior.

Linnea McCord and Gia Weisdorn discuss the new reality that attorney client privilege is no longer a shield under the Sarbanes-Oxley legislation. In fact, Sarbanes-Oxley requires attorneys to report malfeasance by managers and employees of publicly traded companies.

David Smith shows us the importance of investing in prevention when it comes to data loss. US businesses use approximately 76.2 million PCs to aid in the production of goods and services. Therefore, it is critical for businesses to proactively protect this essential business resource.

Donald Atwater helps us deal with the sobering possibility of deflation by illustrating how business practitioners can prepare ahead of time by developing strategic plans and initiatives. Don’t forget to take the Quiz to see how well prepared you are.

Russell Aebig and Ann Feyerherm help practitioners grapple with the important decision of whether or not to consolidate IT into one business unit or leave this critical business resource decentralized.

Darrol Stanley discusses the different strategies that hedge funds employ as well as their relationship to modern portfolio theory. In a companion article in the next issue, Dr. Stanley will help individual investors consider the option of alternative investments or hedge funds by looking at the idea of a fund of funds and how to put this together in utilizing mutual funds.

In this issue, Robert Fulmer brings us a very rich ‘dialogue’ with four business executives in place of our Conversation feature. Dan Burnham, former Chairman and CEO, Raytheon, Inc., Blair Shepard, CEO, Duke Corporate Education, Nancy McGaw, Aspen Institute Initiative for Social Progress in Business, and Mila Baker, Director of Organizational Effectiveness, Pfizer, Inc all shared their insights at the Graziadio School of Business and Management’s 4th Annual Executive Learning Forum on “The Challenges of Developing Ethical Business Leaders.”

Before you leave, don’t forget to take a look at the status of the Enterprize Portal Solution (EPS) in the EbizBuz. In this issue you can see what investments are being made in which departments and how this strategic area is positioned for future growth as this could impact your company and its present or future software investments.

Last, but not least, the entire GBR staff would like to give a very sincere thank you and farewell to our LOOP Master, Scott Fletcher, who has sustained us with laughter since this journal was created. Scott has moved on and he will be dearly missed as will his wonderful droll sense of humor which always made us not only look on the light side, but the bright side as well. We are extremely grateful for his extraordinary talent and have decided to retire the LOOP in his absence.

Stay tuned for new features that will be coming soon to a screen near you. Until next time, we hope this issue provides some insight and practical tools for meeting the challenges we all currently face as business practitioners and educators.

[1] Wes Jackson, Becoming Native to this Place (Washington, DC: Counterpoint, 1996), 3.

[2] Wendell Berry, Home Economics (New York: Northpoint, 1987), 50.

[3] David Orr, Earth in Mind: On Education, Environment and the Human Prospect (Washington, DC: Island Press, 1994), 5.

[4] Steven Bouma-Prediger and Brian Walsh, “Education for Homelessness or Homecoming? The Christian College in Postmodern Culture”, Christian Scholars Review (Ann Arbor, MI: 2003) vol 32, Issue 3, p. 281-291.

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